The main body of energy storage at the power consumption end is power users, mainly including industrial and commercial users and household users. The development of user-side energy storage can help save electricity costs and ensure the stability of electricity consumption.

household energy storage

Household energy storage (household storage) refers to the energy storage system for household users. Household energy storage systems are usually installed in combination with household photovoltaic systems to provide electricity to household users. Its working principle is mainly to use photovoltaic power generation as a priority for local loads during the day, and store excess energy in batteries, which can be selectively incorporated into the grid when there is still surplus energy; at night, when the photovoltaic system is not in operation, the batteries are discharged for local loads. load usage.

The household energy storage system can improve the degree of household photovoltaic self-generation and self-use, reduce the user's electricity bill, and ensure the stability of the user's electricity consumption under extreme weather conditions. For users in areas with high electricity prices, peak-to-valley price differences, or old grids, it is more economical to purchase household storage systems, and household users have the motivation to purchase household storage systems.

The core of the home energy storage system is a rechargeable energy storage battery, usually based on lithium-ion or lead-acid batteries, controlled by a computer, and realizes charging and discharging cycles under the coordination of other intelligent hardware and software. Home energy storage systems can usually be combined with distributed photovoltaic power generation to form a home solar storage system.

According to the different coupling methods of photovoltaic and energy storage systems, they are divided into DC coupling system and AC coupling system, which are suitable for the incremental market of newly installed photovoltaic systems and the stock market of installed photovoltaic systems respectively. According to whether the system is connected to the grid, the home energy storage system can be divided into a grid-connected system and an off-grid system. The core difference lies in whether it is connected to the grid. Different systems have different characteristics and are suitable for different types of families.

A typical household energy storage system is mainly composed of energy storage batteries, inverters, photovoltaic modules, etc., which account for about 48%, 24% and 22% of the equipment cost respectively. In addition, household energy storage products need to be installed by the installer, and the estimated equipment installation fee is 12%-30% of the equipment cost.

The scale of the global household savings market is expected to reach hundreds of billions. Considering the penetration of household storage in Australia, Japan, Latin America and other countries and regions, assuming that the household storage market in Europe and the United States accounts for 40% of the global market in 2025, the global demand for new installed capacity of household storage in 2025 can reach 50GWh. Based on the value of each 10kWh energy storage system (including battery system and converter) at USD 10,000, a single GWh corresponds to a market space of USD 1 billion (RMB 7 billion), and the future global household storage market space can reach hundreds of billions.

Industrial and Commercial Energy Storage

Industrial and commercial energy storage is another important part of user-side energy storage. For users who do not use photovoltaics, its economy is mainly reflected in the use of energy storage for peak-valley arbitrage; for photovoltaic users, it can save electricity purchase costs through self-generation and self-use , to help enterprises save energy and reduce emissions. Industrial and commercial energy storage mainly makes profits through channels such as energy time shift, peak-valley price difference arbitrage, capacity electricity fee reduction, and demand response.

According to Wood Mackenzie's prediction, by 2031, industrial and commercial energy storage will account for 10% of China's energy storage market, with a total installed capacity of 442GWh, an increase of 4 percentage points from 2021, and it will be a major incremental market. The proportion of power generation/grid side remains unchanged, while the proportion of household energy storage will only be 4% by 2031, a decrease of 3 percentage points from 2021.

Main application scenarios of industrial and commercial energy storage

Industrial and commercial energy storage has a wide range of application scenarios, including industrial parks, data centers, communication base stations, government buildings, shopping malls, hospitals and other industries. Among them, the industrial park has the characteristics of large factory floor area, and the time of photovoltaic power generation coincides with the peak of power consumption. The configuration of the combined photovoltaic storage system can effectively reduce the cost of power purchase, reduce the impact of photovoltaic on the system, and reduce power deviation in the electricity market environment The resulting economic loss is a representative application of industrial and commercial energy storage scenarios.

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